Transport remains a cornerstone of the European economy but is also its weakest link on climate, according to the Sustainability of Europe’s mobility systems 2025 report published on Tuesday.
The sector supports more than 10 million jobs and contributes about 5% of EU GDP, yet it is the only major sector where greenhouse gas emissions have risen since 1990. In 2023, transport accounted for around one-third of total EU emissions, with road transport responsible for nearly three-quarters of the total, reflecting its continued reliance on fossil fuels.
Passenger cars dominate Europe’s mobility system, accounting for about 72% of transport activity, while public transport has failed to gain significant ground. Road traffic also remains the main source of transport-related noise pollution, exposing around 90 million people across the European Union to harmful noise levels.
Despite progress in reducing exhaust emissions, transport continues to place heavy pressure on the environment and human health. Pollutants such as ammonia and nitrous oxide remain difficult to cut, while noise pollution continues to affect millions.
Rail transport is highlighted as one of the most energy-efficient and low-emissions options, particularly for medium- and long-distance travel. However, fragmented rail networks and limited cross-border integration continue to constrain its competitiveness, while rail freight activity declined between 1995 and 2023.
Looking ahead, aviation and maritime transport are expected to account for a growing share of emissions, rising from about a quarter of transport-related emissions today to nearly half by 2050.
The report concludes that meeting EU goals, including climate neutrality by 2050 and Zero Pollution targets for 2030, will require sustained public and private investment, innovation, and the effective implementation of existing policies, including the revised Emissions Trading System and the new ETS2.
